(AP) -- Immunizations should be part of routine health care obtained through one's personal physician (or in some instances, through one's local health department).

Long-lasting protection is available against measles, mumps, German measles (rubella), poliomyelitis, tetanus (lockjaw), whooping cough (pertussis), diphtheria, chickenpox (varicella), Hemophilus influenzae b (Hib), and hepatitis B.

Immunization against all of these is recommended for children by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Practice, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

All states now require proof of immunization or other evidence of immunity against some of these diseases for admission to school. However, the requirements vary from state to state, and exemptions may be granted for medical, moral, or religious reasons.

Immunization is also important for adults. Those unprotected against any of the above diseases (except whooping cough) should consult their physicians. Tetanus boosters should be administered every ten years. Flu shots (which give only seasonal protection) and immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia are recommended for high-risk patients, elderly individuals, and certain institutional populations.

The success of vaccination programs in the United States and Europe inspired the 20th-century concept of "disease eradication"-the idea that a selected disease can be eradicated from all human populations through global cooperation. In 1977, after a decade-long campaign involving 33 countries, smallpox was eradicated worldwide. Polio caused by wild virus has been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere; childhood vaccination levels in the United States are at an all-time high; and disease and death from diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are at or near record lows. In 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control issued parent's guide with some interesting statistics about the impact of vaccination on childhood diseases.

Diphtheria

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 175,885

Cases in 2003: 1

Decrease in cases per year: 99.9%

Hib (<5 yrs old)

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 20,000 (estimate)

Cases in 2003: 259

Decrease in cases per year: 98.8%

Measles

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 503,282

Cases in 2003: 56

Decrease in cases per year: 99.9%

Mumps

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 152,209

Cases in 2003: 231

Decrease in cases per year: 99.9%

Pertussis (whooping cough) 

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 147,271

Cases in 2003: 11,647

Decrease in cases per year: 92.1%

Polio (paralytic)

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 16,316

Cases in 2003: 0

Decrease in cases per year: 100.0%

Rubella

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 47,745

Cases in 2003: 7

Decrease in cases per year: 99.9%

Smallpox

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 48,164

Cases in 2003: 0

Decrease in cases per year: 100.0%

Tetanus

Cases per year (average) before vaccines: 1,314

Cases in 2003: 20

Decrease in cases per year: 98.5%

Common Misconceptions

At least ten misconceptions can lead parents to question the wisdom of immunizing their children. If you encounter others you would like Quackwatch to address, please contact us.

Misconception #1: Because of better hygiene and sanitation, diseases had already begun to disappear before vaccines were introduced.

Misconception #2: The majority of people who get the disease have been immunized.

Misconception #3: There are hot lots of vaccine that have been associated with more adverse events and deaths than others. Parents should find the numbers of these lots and not allow their children to receive vaccines from them.

Misconception #4: Vaccines cause many harmful side effects, and even death-and may cause long-term effects we don't even know about.

Misconception #5: DTP vaccine causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Misconception #6: Vaccine-preventable diseases have been virtually eliminated from the United States, so there is no need for my child to be vaccinated.

Misconception #7: Giving a child more than one vaccine at a time increases the risk of harmful side effects and can overload the immune system.

Misconception #8: There is no good reason to immunize against chickenpox (varicella) because it is a harmless disease.

Misconception #9: Vaccines cause autism.

Misconception #10: Hepatitis B vaccine causes chronic health problems, including multiple sclerosis.

Misconception #11: Thimerosal causes autism: Chelation therapy can cure it.

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